Перевод: с английского на все языки

со всех языков на английский

white is now in a strong position

  • 1 position

    position [pə'zɪʃən]
    position ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (d), 1 (e), 1 (h)-(j) situation ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (c), 1 (d), 1 (f) place ⇒ 1 (d) poste ⇒ 1 (f) guichet ⇒ 1 (g) mettre en place ⇒ 2 (a) placer ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (b) situer ⇒ 2 (b) orienter ⇒ 2 (c)
    1 noun
    (a) (place → gen) position f; (→ of town, house etc) situation f, emplacement m;
    ∎ in position en place;
    ∎ to put sth in(to) position mettre qch en place;
    ∎ Aviation & Nautical to fix or work out one's position faire le point;
    ∎ you've changed the position of the lamp vous avez changé la lampe de place;
    ∎ remember the position of the cards souvenez-vous de la position des cartes;
    ∎ white is now in a strong position (in chess) les blancs sont maintenant très bien placés;
    ∎ they put the machine guns in or into position ils mirent les mitrailleuses en batterie;
    ∎ take up your positions!, get into position! (actors, dancers) à vos places!; (soldiers, guards) à vos postes!
    (b) (posture, angle) position f;
    ∎ to change or to shift position changer de position;
    ∎ in a sitting position en position assise;
    ∎ hold the spray can in an upright position tenez le vaporisateur en position verticale;
    ∎ the position of the pointer on the dial la position de l'aiguille sur le cadran;
    ∎ the lever should be in the on/off position le levier devrait être en position marche/arrêt
    (c) (circumstances) situation f;
    ∎ the position as I see it is this voici comment je vois la situation ou les choses;
    ∎ to be in a bad/good position être en mauvaise/bonne posture;
    ∎ you're in no position to judge vous êtes mal placé pour (en) juger;
    ∎ to be in a position to do sth être en mesure de faire qch;
    ∎ to be in a strong position être bien placé;
    ∎ put yourself in my position mettez-vous à ma place;
    ∎ it's an awkward position to be in c'est une drôle de situation;
    ∎ our financial position is improving notre situation financière s'améliore;
    ∎ the present economic position la conjoncture économique actuelle;
    ∎ the cash position is not good la situation de la caisse laisse à désirer
    (d) (rank → in table, scale) place f, position f; (→ in hierarchy) position f, situation f; (social standing) position f, place f;
    ∎ they're in tenth position in the championship ils sont à la dixième place ou ils occupent la dixième place du championnat;
    ∎ his position in the firm is unclear sa situation au sein de l'entreprise n'est pas claire;
    ∎ what exactly is his position in the government? quelles sont exactement ses fonctions au sein du gouvernement?;
    ∎ a person in my position can't afford a scandal une personne de mon rang ne peut se permettre un scandale;
    ∎ she is concerned about her social position elle est préoccupée par sa position sociale
    (e) (standpoint) position f, point m de vue;
    ∎ try to see things from my position essayez de voir les choses de mon point de vue;
    ∎ to take up a position on sth adopter une position ou prendre position sur qch;
    ∎ I have no position on the matter je n'ai pas d'idée bien arrêtée sur le sujet;
    ∎ could you make your position clear on this point? pouvez-vous préciser votre position à ce sujet?;
    ∎ his position on the death penalty is indefensible son point de vue sur la peine de mort est indéfendable;
    ∎ what is the American position on this issue? quelle est la position des Américains sur ce problème?;
    ∎ her position is that… ce qu'elle pense c'est que…, son point de vue est que…
    (f) (job) poste m, situation f;
    ∎ there were four candidates for the position of manager il y avait quatre candidats au poste de directeur;
    ∎ it is a position of great responsibility c'est un poste à haute responsabilité;
    ∎ position of trust poste m de confiance;
    ∎ what was your previous position? quel était votre poste précédent?
    (g) Administration (in bank, post office) guichet m;
    ∎ position closed (sign) guichet fermé
    (h) Sport (in team, on field) position f;
    ∎ he can play in any position il peut jouer à n'importe quelle position ou place;
    ∎ the full back was out of position l'arrière était mal placé
    (i) Military position f;
    ∎ to move into position se mettre en place ou en position;
    ∎ the men took up position on the hill les hommes prirent position sur la colline;
    ∎ to defend a position défendre une position;
    ∎ to jockey or to jostle or to manoeuvre for position chercher à occuper le terrain; figurative chercher à obtenir la meilleure place
    (j) Stock Exchange position f;
    ∎ to take a long/short position prendre une position longue/courte
    (a) (put in place → cameras, equipment) mettre en place, placer, disposer; (→ guests, officials, players) placer; (→ guards, police, troops) poster, mettre en position;
    ∎ the TV cameras were positioned round the square les caméras de télé ont été disposées autour de la place;
    ∎ he positioned himself on the roof il a pris position sur le toit;
    ∎ they have positioned their ships in the gulf ils ont envoyé leurs navires dans le golfe
    (b) (usu passive) (situate → house, building) situer, placer;
    ∎ the school is positioned near a dangerous crossroads l'école est située ou placée près d'un carrefour dangereux;
    ∎ the flat is well positioned l'appartement est bien situé;
    ∎ we are well positioned to take advantage of this opportunity nous sommes bien placés pour tirer parti de cette opportunité
    (c) (adjust angle of → lamp, aerial) orienter
    (d) (locate) déterminer la position de, positionner
    (e) Marketing (product) positionner
    ►► Stock Exchange position limit limite f de position;
    Politics position paper déclaration f de principe;
    Stock Exchange position trader spéculateur(trice) m,f sur plusieurs positions

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > position

  • 2 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 3 good

    good [gʊd]
    bon ⇒ 1A (a)-(d), 1B (a), 1C (a), 1C (c), 1C (d), 1D (a)-(e), 1E (a)-(d), 2 (a) beau ⇒ 1A (a), 1D (b) gentil ⇒ 1B (a) sage ⇒ 1B (b) favorable ⇒ 1C (b) bien ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (b), 3 pour ainsi dire ⇒ 5 pour de bon ⇒ 6
    (compar better ['betə(r)], superl best [best])
    A.
    (a) (enjoyable, pleasant → book, feeling, holiday) bon, agréable; (→ weather) beau (belle);
    ∎ we're good friends nous sommes très amis;
    ∎ we're just good friends on est des amis, c'est tout;
    ∎ she has a good relationship with her staff elle a un bon contact avec ses employés;
    ∎ they have a good sex life sexuellement, tout va bien entre eux;
    ∎ they had a good time ils se sont bien amusés;
    ∎ we had good weather during the holidays il faisait beau pendant nos vacances;
    ∎ good to eat/to hear bon à manger/à entendre;
    ∎ it's good to be home ça fait du bien ou ça fait plaisir de rentrer chez soi;
    ∎ it's good to be alive il fait bon vivre;
    ∎ wait until he's in a good mood attendez qu'il soit de bonne humeur;
    ∎ to feel good être en forme;
    ∎ he doesn't feel good about leaving her alone (worried) ça l'ennuie de la laisser seule; (ashamed) il a honte de la laisser seule;
    ∎ it's too good to be true c'est trop beau pour être vrai ou pour y croire;
    ∎ the good life la belle vie;
    ∎ she's never had it so good! elle n'a jamais eu la vie si belle!;
    ∎ this is as good as you can get or as it gets c'est ce qui se fait de mieux;
    ∎ have a good day! bonne journée!;
    ∎ it's good to see you je suis/nous sommes content(s) de te voir;
    ∎ American familiar good to see you content de te voir;
    ∎ you can have too much of a good thing on se lasse de tout, même du meilleur
    (b) (high quality → clothing, dishes) bon, de bonne qualité; (→ painting, film) bon; (→ food) bon;
    ∎ it's a good school c'est une bonne école;
    ∎ he speaks good English il parle bien anglais;
    ∎ she put her good shoes on elle a mis ses belles chaussures;
    ∎ I need a good suit j'ai besoin d'un bon costume;
    ∎ this house is good enough for me cette maison me suffit;
    ∎ if it's good enough for you, it's good enough for me si ça vous va, alors ça me va aussi;
    ∎ this isn't good enough ça ne va pas;
    ∎ this work isn't good enough ce travail laisse beaucoup à désirer;
    ∎ nothing is too good for her family rien n'est trop beau pour sa famille;
    ∎ it makes good television ça marche bien à la télévision
    (c) (competent, skilful) bon, compétent;
    ∎ do you know a good lawyer? connaissez-vous un bon avocat?;
    ∎ she's a very good doctor c'est un excellent médecin;
    ∎ he's a good swimmer c'est un bon nageur;
    ∎ she's a good listener c'est quelqu'un qui sait écouter;
    ∎ to be good in bed être bien au lit;
    ∎ he's too good for that job il mérite une meilleure situation;
    ∎ to be good at sth être doué pour ou bon en qch;
    ∎ they're good at everything ils sont bons en tout;
    ∎ he's good with children il sait s'y prendre avec les enfants;
    ∎ to be good with one's hands être habile ou adroit de ses mains;
    ∎ they're not good enough to direct the others ils ne sont pas à la hauteur pour diriger les autres;
    ∎ you're as good as he is tu le vaux bien, tu vaux autant que lui;
    ∎ she's as good an artist as you are elle vous vaut en tant qu'artiste;
    ∎ to be good on French history/contract law (author) être bon en histoire de France/sur le droit des contrats;
    ∎ to be good on sth (book) être complet sur qch;
    ∎ the good gardening guide (title of book) le guide du bon jardinier
    (d) (useful) bon;
    ∎ to be good for nothing être bon à rien;
    ∎ this product is also good for cleaning windows ce produit est bien aussi pour nettoyer les vitres
    ∎ good afternoon! (hello) bonjour!; (goodbye) bon après-midi!;
    ∎ good day! British or & American old-fashioned (hello) bonjour!; British old-fashioned (goodbye) adieu!;
    ∎ good evening! bonsoir!;
    ∎ good morning! (hello) bonjour!; (goodbye) au revoir!, bonne journée!
    B.
    (a) (kind) bon, gentil; (loyal, true) bon, véritable; (moral, virtuous) bon;
    ∎ good behaviour or conduct bonne conduite f;
    ∎ she's a good person c'est quelqu'un de bien;
    ∎ he's a good sort c'est un brave type;
    ∎ she proved to be a good friend elle a prouvé qu'elle était une véritable amie;
    ∎ he's been a good husband to her il a été pour elle un bon mari;
    ∎ you're too good for him tu mérites mieux que lui;
    ∎ they took advantage of his good nature ils ont profité de son bon naturel ou caractère;
    ∎ he's a good Christian/communist c'est un bon chrétien/communiste;
    ∎ to lead a good life (comfortable) avoir une belle vie; (moral) mener une vie vertueuse ou exemplaire;
    ∎ they've always been good to me ils ont toujours été gentils avec moi;
    ∎ life has been good to me j'ai eu de la chance dans la vie;
    ∎ that's very good of you c'est très aimable de votre part;
    ∎ he was very good about it il s'est montré très compréhensif;
    ∎ it's good of you to come c'est aimable ou gentil à vous d'être venu;
    ∎ would you be good enough to ask him? auriez-vous la bonté de lui demander?, seriez-vous assez aimable pour lui demander?;
    ∎ would you be good enough to reply by return of post? voudriez-vous avoir l'obligeance de répondre par retour du courrier?;
    ∎ old-fashioned or humorous and how's your good lady? et comment va madame?;
    ∎ old-fashioned or humorous my good man mon brave;
    ∎ literary good men and true des hommes vaillants;
    ∎ literary the good ship Caledonia le Caledonia
    ∎ be good! sois sage!;
    ∎ be a good boy and fetch Mummy's bag sois mignon, va chercher le sac de maman;
    ∎ good dog! (encouraging) oh, le beau chien!; (congratulating) c'est bien, le chien!
    C.
    (a) (desirable, positive) bon, souhaitable; (cause) bon;
    ∎ it's a good thing she's prepared to talk about it c'est une bonne chose qu'elle soit prête à en parler;
    ∎ she had the good fortune to arrive just then elle a eu la chance d'arriver juste à ce moment-là;
    ∎ it's a good job or good thing he decided not to go c'est une chance qu'il ait décidé de ou heureusement qu'il a décidé de ne pas y aller;
    ∎ all good wishes for the New Year tous nos meilleurs vœux pour le nouvel an
    (b) (favourable → contract, deal) avantageux, favorable; (→ opportunity, sign) bon, favorable;
    ∎ to buy sth at a good price acheter qch bon marché ou à un prix avantageux;
    ∎ you've got a good chance tu as toutes tes chances;
    ∎ she's in a good position to help us elle est bien placée pour nous aider;
    ∎ there are good times ahead l'avenir est prometteur;
    ∎ he put in a good word for me with the boss il a glissé un mot en ma faveur au patron;
    ∎ it's looking good (is going well) ça a l'air de bien se passer; (is going to succeed) ça se présente bien;
    ∎ he's looking good (of boxer, athlete, election candidate) il a toutes ses chances
    (c) (convenient, suitable → place, time) bon, propice; (→ choice) bon, convenable;
    ∎ it's a good holiday spot for people with children c'est un lieu de vacances idéal pour ceux qui ont des enfants;
    ∎ is this a good moment to ask him? est-ce un bon moment pour lui demander?;
    ∎ this is as good a time as any autant le faire maintenant;
    ∎ it's as good a way as any to do it c'est une façon comme une autre de le faire
    (d) (beneficial) bon, bienfaisant;
    ∎ protein-rich diets are good for pregnant women les régimes riches en protéines sont bons pour les femmes enceintes;
    ∎ eat your spinach, it's good for you mange tes épinards, c'est bon pour toi;
    ∎ hard work is good for the soul! le travail forme le caractère!;
    ∎ whisky is good for a cold le whisky est bon pour les rhumes;
    ∎ to be good for business être bon pour les affaires;
    ∎ he's not good for her il a une mauvaise influence sur elle;
    ∎ this cold weather isn't good for your health ce froid n'est pas bon pour ta santé ou est mauvais pour toi;
    ∎ it's good for him to spend time outdoors ça lui fait du bien ou c'est bon pour lui de passer du temps dehors;
    ∎ he works more than is good for him il travaille plus qu'il ne faudrait ou devrait;
    ∎ figurative he doesn't know what's good for him il ne sait pas ce qui est bon pour lui;
    ∎ figurative if you know what's good for you, you'll listen si tu as le moindre bon sens, tu m'écouteras
    D.
    (a) (sound, strong) bon, valide;
    ∎ I can do a lot with my good arm je peux faire beaucoup de choses avec mon bras valide;
    ∎ my eyesight/hearing is good j'ai une bonne vue/l'ouïe fine
    (b) (attractive → appearance) bon, beau (belle); (→ features, legs) beau (belle), joli;
    ∎ you're looking good! (healthy) tu as bonne mine!; (well-dressed) tu es très bien!;
    ∎ that colour looks good on him cette couleur lui va bien;
    ∎ she has a good figure elle est bien faite;
    ∎ the vase looks good there le vase rend très bien là
    (c) (valid, well-founded) bon, valable;
    ∎ she had a good excuse/reason for not going elle avait une bonne excuse pour/une bonne raison de ne pas y aller;
    ∎ I wouldn't have come without good reason je ne serais pas venu sans avoir une bonne raison;
    ∎ they made out a good case against drinking tap water ils ont bien expliqué pourquoi il ne fallait pas boire l'eau du robinet
    (d) (reliable, trustworthy → brand, car) bon, sûr; Commerce & Finance (→ cheque) bon; (→ investment, securities) sûr; (→ debt) bon, certain;
    ∎ my passport is good for five years mon passeport est bon ou valable pour cinq ans;
    ∎ this coat is good for another year ce manteau fera encore un an;
    ∎ familiar she's good for another ten years elle en a bien encore pour dix ans;
    ∎ familiar he's always good for a laugh il sait toujours faire rire□ ;
    ∎ how much money are you good for? (do you have) de combien d'argent disposez-vous?;
    ∎ he should be good for a couple of hundred pounds on devrait pouvoir en tirer quelques centaines de livres;
    ∎ they are or their credit is good for £500 on peut leur faire crédit jusqu'à 500 livres
    (e) (honourable, reputable) bon, estimé;
    ∎ they live at a good address ils habitent un quartier chic;
    ∎ to protect their good name pour défendre leur réputation;
    ∎ the firm has a good name la société a (une) bonne réputation;
    ∎ she's from a good family elle est de bonne famille;
    ∎ a family of good standing une famille bien
    E.
    (a) (ample, considerable) bon, considérable;
    ∎ a good amount or deal of money beaucoup d'argent;
    ∎ a good (round) sum une somme rondelette;
    ∎ a good few people pas mal de gens;
    ∎ take good care of your mother prends bien soin de ta mère;
    ∎ to make good money bien gagner sa vie;
    ∎ I make good money je gagne bien ma vie;
    ∎ we still have a good way to go nous avons encore un bon bout de chemin à faire;
    ∎ I was a good way into the book when I realized that… j'avais déjà bien avancé dans ma lecture quand je me suis rendu compte que…;
    ∎ a good thirty years ago il y a bien trente ans;
    ∎ the trip will take you a good two hours il vous faudra deux bonnes heures pour faire le voyage;
    ∎ she's been gone a good while ça fait un bon moment qu'elle est partie;
    ∎ they came in a good second ils ont obtenu une bonne deuxième place;
    ∎ there's a good risk of it happening il y a de grands risques que ça arrive
    (b) (proper, thorough) bon, grand;
    ∎ I gave the house a good cleaning j'ai fait le ménage à fond;
    ∎ have a good cry pleure un bon coup;
    ∎ we had a good laugh on a bien ri;
    ∎ I managed to get a good look at his face j'ai pu bien regarder son visage;
    ∎ take a good look at her regardez-la bien;
    ∎ he got a good spanking il a reçu une bonne fessée;
    ∎ familiar we were good and mad on était carrément furax;
    ∎ she'll call when she's good and ready elle appellera quand elle le voudra bien;
    ∎ I was good and sorry to have invited her j'ai bien regretté de l'avoir invitée
    (c) (acceptable) bon, convenable;
    ∎ we made the trip in good time le voyage n'a pas été trop long;
    ∎ that's all very good or all well and good but→ c'est bien joli ou bien beau tout ça mais…
    (d) (indicating approval) bon, très bien;
    ∎ I'd like a new suit - very good, sir! j'ai besoin d'un nouveau costume - (très) bien, monsieur!;
    ∎ she left him - good! elle l'a quitté - tant mieux!;
    ∎ he's feeling better - good, let him go il va mieux - très bien, laissez-le partir;
    ∎ good, that's settled bon ou bien, voilà une affaire réglée;
    ∎ (that) sounds good! (good idea) bonne idée!;
    ∎ that's a good question c'est une bonne question;
    ∎ familiar that's a good one! (joke) elle est (bien) bonne, celle-là!; ironic (far-fetched story) à d'autres!;
    ∎ familiar good on you or for you! bravo!, très bien!;
    ∎ good old Eric, I knew he wouldn't let us down! ce brave Eric, je savais qu'il ne nous laisserait pas tomber!;
    ∎ good old London le bon vieux Londres;
    ∎ the good old days le bon vieux temps
    (a) (as intensifier) bien, bon;
    ∎ a good hard bed un lit bien dur;
    ∎ I'd like a good hot bath j'ai envie de prendre un bon bain chaud;
    ∎ he needs a good sound spanking il a besoin d'une bonne fessée;
    ∎ the two friends had a good long chat les deux amis ont longuement bavardé;
    ∎ we took a good long walk nous avons fait une bonne ou une grande promenade
    (b) familiar (well) bien□ ;
    ∎ she writes good elle écrit bien;
    ∎ the boss gave it to them good and proper le patron leur a passé un de ces savons;
    ∎ their team beat us good and proper leur équipe nous a battus à plate couture ou à plates coutures;
    ∎ I'll do it when I'm good and ready je le ferai quand ça me chantera;
    ∎ I like my coffee good and strong j'aime le café bien fort;
    ∎ make sure it's stuck on good and hard vérifie que c'est vraiment bien collé;
    ∎ put the paint on good and thick appliquer la peinture en couches bien épaisses
    ∎ to make good (succeed) réussir; (reform) changer de conduite, se refaire une vie;
    ∎ a local boy made good un garçon du pays ou du coin qui a fait son chemin;
    ∎ the prisoner made good his escape le prisonnier est parvenu à s'échapper ou a réussi son évasion;
    ∎ they made good their promise ils ont tenu parole ou ont respecté leur promesse;
    ∎ he made good his position as leader il a assuré sa position de leader;
    ∎ to make sth good (mistake) remédier à qch; (damages, injustice) réparer qch; (losses) compenser qch; (deficit) combler qch; (wall, surface) apporter des finitions à qch;
    ∎ we'll make good any expenses you incur nous vous rembourserons toute dépense;
    ∎ American to make good on sth honorer qch
    3 noun
    (a) (morality, virtue) bien m;
    ∎ they do good ils font le bien;
    ∎ that will do more harm than good ça fera plus de mal que de bien;
    ∎ to return good for evil rendre le bien pour le mal;
    ∎ that organization is a power for good cet organisme exerce une influence salutaire;
    ∎ she recognized the good in him elle a vu ce qu'il y avait de bon en lui;
    ∎ there is good and bad in everyone il y a du bon et du mauvais en chacun de nous;
    ∎ to be up to no good préparer un mauvais coup;
    ∎ their daughter came to no good leur fille a mal tourné;
    ∎ for good or evil, for good or ill pour le bien et pour le mal
    ∎ this book isn't much good to me ce livre ne me sert pas à grand-chose;
    ∎ if it's any good to him si ça peut lui être utile ou lui rendre service;
    ∎ I was never any good at mathematics je n'ai jamais été doué pour les maths, je n'ai jamais été bon ou fort en maths;
    ∎ he's no good il est nul;
    ∎ he'd be no good as a teacher il ne ferait pas un bon professeur;
    ∎ what's the good? à quoi bon?;
    ∎ what good would it do to leave now? à quoi bon partir maintenant?;
    ∎ what good will it do you to see her? ça te servira à quoi ou t'avancera à quoi de la voir?;
    ∎ familiar a fat lot of good that did you! te voilà bien avancé maintenant!;
    ∎ ironic that will do you a lot of good! tu seras bien avancé!, ça te fera une belle jambe!;
    ∎ it's no good, I give up ça ne sert à rien, j'abandonne;
    ∎ it's no good worrying about it ça ne sert à rien de ou ce n'est pas la peine de ou inutile de vous inquiéter;
    ∎ I might as well talk to the wall for all the good it does je ferais aussi bien de parler au mur, pour tout l'effet que ça fait
    (c) (benefit, welfare) bien m;
    ∎ I did it for your own good je l'ai fait pour ton (propre) bien;
    ∎ a holiday will do her good des vacances lui feront du bien;
    ∎ she resigned for the good of her health elle a démissionné pour des raisons de santé;
    ∎ it does my heart good to see you so happy ça me réchauffe le cœur de vous voir si heureux;
    ∎ much good may it do you! grand bien vous fasse!;
    ∎ the common good l'intérêt m commun
    ∎ (people) the good les bons mpl, les gens mpl de bien;
    ∎ the good and the bad les bons et les méchants;
    ∎ only the good die young ce sont toujours les meilleurs qui partent les premiers
    pour ainsi dire, à peu de choses près;
    ∎ I'm as good as blind without my glasses sans lunettes je suis pour ainsi dire aveugle;
    ∎ he's as good as dead c'est comme s'il était mort;
    ∎ the job is as good as finished la tâche est pour ainsi dire ou est pratiquement finie;
    ∎ it's as good as new c'est comme neuf;
    ∎ he as good as admitted he was wrong il a pour ainsi dire reconnu qu'il avait tort;
    ∎ they as good as called us cowards ils n'ont pas dit qu'on était des lâches mais c'était tout comme;
    ∎ are you married? - as good as tu es marié? - non, mais c'est tout comme
    pour de bon;
    ∎ she left for good elle est partie pour de bon;
    ∎ they finally settled down for good ils se sont enfin fixés définitivement;
    ∎ for good and all une (bonne) fois pour toutes, pour de bon;
    ∎ I'm warning you for good and all! c'est la dernière fois que je te le dis!
    ∎ that's all to the good tant mieux;
    ∎ he finished up the card game £15 to the good il a fait 15 livres de bénéfice ou il a gagné 15 livres aux cartes
    ►► the Good Book la Bible;
    Good Friday le vendredi saint;
    American familiar good old boy or good ole boy or good ol' boy (white male from Southern US) = Blanc originaire du sud des États-Unis, aux valeurs traditionnelles; pejorative (redneck) plouc m;
    Bible the Good Samaritan le bon Samaritain;
    figurative good Samaritan bon Samaritain m;
    ∎ she's a real good Samaritan elle a tout du bon Samaritain;
    American Law the good Samaritan laws = lois qui protègent un sauveteur de toutes poursuites éventuelles engagées par le blessé;
    the Good Shepherd le Bon Pasteur
    ✾ Book 'A Good Enough Parent' Bettelheim 'Pour être des parents acceptables'
    ✾ Book 'Good as Gold' Heller 'Franc comme l'or'
    ✾ Film 'The Good, the Bad and the Ugly' Leone 'Le Bon, la brute et le truand'
    ⓘ GOOD FRIDAY En Grande-Bretagne, il est traditionnel, le jour du vendredi saint, de manger des "hot cross buns" (petits pains ronds aux fruits secs, marqués d'une croix).
    ⓘ THE GOOD FRIDAY AGREEMENT Le processus de paix en Irlande du Nord, qui a été amorcé par les cessez-le-feu des groupes paramilitaires républicains et unionistes en 1994, a abouti au "Good Friday Agreement", l'accord de paix signé à Belfast en avril 1998. Cet accord, parrainé par les Premiers ministres britannique et irlandais, et finalement approuvé par le Sinn Féin et par la plupart des partis unionistes, a mis en place la "Northern Ireland Assembly", un parlement quasi autonome avec un partage démocratique du pouvoir entre les communautés protestante et catholique. Cet accord est une étape vers la fin de trente ans de guerre civile en Ulster.
    ⓘ You've never had it so good Ce slogan a été utilisé pour la première fois aux États-Unis en 1952 par les Démocrates. Il signifie "vous êtes aujourd'hui plus prospères que jamais". En Grande-Bretagne, ce slogan est associé au Premier ministre conservateur Harold Macmillan qui l'utilisa dans un discours en 1957. Aujourd'hui, on utilise cette formule sur le mode ironique lorsqu'une situation n'encourage pas du tout à l'optimisme.

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > good

  • 4 set

    1. I
    1) the sun is setting солнце садится /заходит/
    2) his power has begun to set его могущество /власть/ слабеет; his star has set его звезда закатилась; his glory has set его слава померкла
    3) cement has set цемент схватился /затвердел/; the glue did not set клей не засох; the jelly has set желе застыло; blood (the white of the egg, etc.) set кровь и т.д. свернулась; the milk set молоко свернулось /створожилось/; all his muscles set все его мускулы напряглись; his face set его лицо-окаменело /застыло/
    4) young trees set молодые деревца принялись; the blossoms were abundant but they failed to set цветение было бурным, но плоды не завязались
    2. II
    1) set at some time the sun sets early (late, etc.) солнце заходит рано и т.д.; set in some manner the sun sets slowly солнце медленно садится
    3) set at some time the jelly hasn't set yet желе еще не застыло; set in some manner cement (mortar, glue, etc.) sets quickly цемент и т.д. быстро застывает /схватывается/; her hair sets easily ее волосы легко укладывать, у нее послушные волосы; his lips set stubbornly его губы упрямо сжались; his teeth set stubbornly он упрямо стиснул зубы
    3. III
    1) set smth. set a broken bone (dislocated joints, etc.) вправить кость и т.д.; set one's hair укладывать волосы; set the table накрывать на стол; set the stage расставлять декорации; set the scene подготовить обстановку; set the sails а) ставить паруса; б) отправляться в плавание; set a piano настраивать пианино; set a palette подготавливать палитру; set a razor править бритву; set a saw разводить пилу; set a clock (the hands of the watch, the alarm-clock) поставить часы; set the focus of a microscope настроить микроскоп; set a map ориентировать карту
    2) set smb., smth. set guards /sentries, watches/ расставлять часовых /караульных и т.п./; set the guard (the pickets) выставлять караул (пикеты)
    3) set smth. set the wedding day (the time, a date, a price, etc.) назначать день свадьбы и т.д.; set a fine устанавливать размер штрафа; set the course разработать /выработать/ курс; set standards (limits, a time-limit, boundaries, etc.) устанавливать нормы и т.д.; set requirements определять / вырабатывать/ требования; set a punishment наложить взыскание
    4) set smth. set an examination-paper (questions, problems, etc.) составлять письменную экзаменационную работу и т.д.; set a new style (a tone) задавать новый стиль (тон); set the fashion вводить моду; set a new model (a pattern) внедрять новый образец (покрой); set the расе задавать темп; set a record устанавливать рекорд; set a precedent создавать прецедент; set a good (bad) example подавать хороший (дурной) пример
    5) set smth. set a trap (a snare) поставить капкан (силки); set an ambush устроить засаду
    4. IV
    1) set smth. somewhere set the books back положить /поставить/ книги на место; set the chairs back отодвигать стулья; set back one's shoulders расправить плечи; the dog set its ears back собака прижала уши; set the clock (one's watch, the alarm, the hand of the watch, etc.) back one hour перевести часы /отвести часы/ на один час назад; set one's watch forward one hour поставить /перевести/ часы на один час вперед; set a house well (some distance /some way/, a fair distance, etc.) back from the road (from the street, etc.) построить /поставить/ дом вдали и т.д. от дороги и т.д.; set the book (one's knitting, the newspaper, etc.) aside отложить в сторону /отодвинуть/ книгу и т.A; set down one's load (one's suitcase, a box, etc.) опустить свой груз и т.д. (на землю)-, set the tray down поставить (на стол и т.я.) поднос; set the chair upright поднять стул; set smb. somewhere set the dogs apart растащить [дерущихся] собак; set the children apart отделять /изолировать/ детей
    2) set smb., smth. in some direction the current set them (the boat, the ship, etc.) northward (seawards, etc.) течением их и т.д. понесло к северу и т.д.
    5. V
    set smb. smth.
    1) set the boys (the students, the employees, etc.) a difficult job (an easy task, a difficult problem, the job of cleaning the yard, etc.) (заплавать мальчикам и т.д. трудную работу и т.д., set oneself a difficult task ставить перед бабой трудную задачу; set him a sum задавать ему арифметическую задачу; set one's son a goal поставить перед своим сыном цель
    2) set the children (the younger boys, youngsters, other people, etc.) a good example подавать детям и т.д. хороший пример; set smb. smth. to do smth. set smb. a standard /a pattern/ to follow служить для кого-л. образцом, которому надо следовать
    6. VI
    set smth., smb. in some state
    1) set the window (the door, the gates, etc.) open открывать /оставлять открытым/ окно и т.д.; set the door ajar приоткрывать дверь, оставить дверь полуоткрытой; set one's hat (one's tie, one's skirt, etc.) straight поправить шляпу и т.д., надеть шляпу и т.д. как следует; set the prisoners (the bird, etc.) free освобождать /выпускать на свободу, на волю/ узников и т.д.; set the dog loose спускать собаку (с цепи, с поводка и т.п.); a good night's rest will set you right за ночь вы отдохнете и снова будете хорошо себя чувствовать; why didn't you set the boy right? почему же вы не поправили мальчика?; I can soon set that right я могу это быстро уладить или исправить; set errors right исправлять ошибки; it would set him (myself) right in their eyes это оправдает его (меня) в их глазах; set things /matters/ straight /right/ уладить дела; set things ready приводить все в готовность; set smb.'s curiosity agog возбуждать чье-л. любопытство
    7. VII
    1) set smb. to do smth. set the men to chop wood (the men to saw wood, the boys to dig a field, the pupils to work at their algebra, the girl to shell peas, the pupils to sing, etc.) заставлять рабочих колоть дрова и т.д.; I set him to work at mowing the lawn я велел ему /дал ему задание/ постричь газон; я вменил ему в обязанность подстригать газон; whom did you set to do this? кому вы поручили это сделать?; I set myself to study the problem я решил взяться за изучение этого вопроса; he set himself to finish the job by the end of May он твердо решил /поставил себе целью/ закончить работу к концу мая
    2) set smth. to do smth. set a machine (a device, a mechanism, etc.) to work приводить в действие /завалять. запускать/ машину и т.д.; set the alarm clock to wake us at seven заводить будильник, чтобы он поднял нас в семь часов, поставить будильник на семь часов
    3) set smth. to do smth. set a pattern to be followed подавать пример; создавать пример для подражания
    8. VIII
    set smb., smth. doing smth. set everybody (the company, people, me, etc.) thinking (singing, running, etc.) заставить всех и т.д. (при)задуматься и т.д.; set smb. talking а) заставить кого-л. говорить, разговорить кого-л.; I set him talking about the new invention (about the discovery, about marriage, etc.) я навел его на разговор о новом изобретении и т.д.; б) дать кому-л. пищу для разговоров; this incident set people talking этот случай /инцидент/ вызвал всякие пересуды; my jokes set the whole table (the company, the audience, the boys, etc.) laughing мой шутки смешили всех за столом и т.д.; set them wondering вызвать у них удивление; the smoke set her coughing от дыма она закашлялась; who has set the dog barking? кто там прошел?, почему лает собака?; set tongues wagging вызывать толки /пересуды/, давать пищу для сплетен; the news set my heart beating эта новость заставила мое сердце забиться; it's time we set the machinery (the machine, the engine, etc.) going пора запустить механизм и т.д. /привести механизм и т.д. в действие/; when anybody entered the device set the bell ringing когда кто-нибудь входил, срабатывало устройство и звонок начинал звонить; а strong wind set the bells ringing от сильного ветра колокола зазвонили; set a top spinning запускать волчок; а false step will set stones rolling один неверный шаг set и камни покатятся вниз; set a plan going начать осуществление плана; we must set things going надо начинать действовать
    9. XI
    1) be set in (near, round, on, etc.) smth. her house is set well back in the garden (near the road, some way back from the street, on a hill, etc.) ее дом стоит а глубине сада и т.д.; а town (a country-seat, a village, etc.) is set in a woodland (on an island, north of /from/ London, etc.) город и т.д. расположен в лесистой местности и т.д.; а boundary stone is set between two fields поля разделяет межевой камень; а balcony is set round the house вокруг дома идет балкон; the second act (the scene, the play, etc.) is set in ancient Rome (in a street, in Paris, etc.) действие второго акта и т.д. происходит в древнем Риме и т.д.; а screen is set in a wall экран вделан /вмонтирован/ в стену; there was a little door set in a wall в стене была маленькая дверка; а ruby (a diamond, etc.) was set in a buckle (in a gold ring, in an earring, etc.) в пряжку и т.д. был вделан /вставлен/ рубин и т.д.; а ruby is set in gold рубин в золотой оправе /оправлен золотом/; his blue eyes are set deep in a white face на его бледном лице глубоко посажены голубые глаза; the young plants should be set at intervals of six inches эти молодые растения надо сажать на расстоянии шести дюймов [друг от друга]; be set with smth. the coast is set with modem resorts на побережье раскинулось множество современных курортов; the tops of the wall were set with broken glass верхний край стены был утыкан битым стеклом; the room is set with tables and chairs комната заставлена столами и стульями; tables were set with little sprays of blue flowers столы были украшены маленькими букетиками синих цветов: the field was set with daisies поле было усеяно маргаритками; the sky was set with stars небо было усыпано звездами; а bracelet (a ring, a crown, a sword-handle, a valuable ornament, etc.) was set with diamonds (with jewels, with gems, with rubies, with pearls, with precious stones, etc.) браслет и т.д. был украшен /усыпан/ бриллиантами и т.д.; а gold ring set with two fine pearls золотое кольцо с двумя большими жемчужинами
    3) be set on smth., smb. he (his mind, his heart) was set on it ему этого очень хотелось; his heart was set on her a) он любил лишь ее; б) все его помыслы были связаны с ней; be set on doing smth. be set on going to the stage (on coming here again, etc.) твердо решить пойти на сцену и т.д.; be set on going to the sea окончательно решить стать моряком; be set on having a motor bike (on winning, on finding him, etc.) поставить своей целью приобрести мотоцикл и т.д.; be set against smth.,smb. he is set against all reforms (against having electric light in the house, against this marriage, against the trip, etc.) он решительно [настроен] против всяких реформ и т.д.; he is set against her он и слышать о ней не хочет; be set against doing smth. he was violently set against meeting her он упорно отказывался встретиться /от встречи/ с ней /противился встрече с ней/
    4) be set on by smb. she was set on by robbers (by a lot of roughs in the dark, by a dog, etc.) на нее напали грабители и т.д.
    5) be set the table is set стол накрыт; the sails are set паруса подняты; be set for smb., smth. the table is set for six стол накрыт на шесть человек /персон/; the table is set for dinner (for lunch, etc.) стол накрыт к обеду и т.д.; be set in some state slaves (prisoners, hostages, etc.) were set free /at liberty/ рабы и т.д. были освобождены /отпущены на волю/; this must be set in order a) это надо привести в порядок; б) это надо разместить /разложить/ по порядку; the motor was set in motion включили мотор
    6) be set at some time the mortar is already set цемент уже схватился /затвердел/; the jelly is not set yet желе еще не застыло; has the type for the book been set yet? эту книгу уже набрали?; it was all set now теперь все было готово /подготовлено/; be set in some manner his lips (his jaws, his teeth) were firmly set in an effort to control himself он плотно сжал губы (челюсти, зубы), пытаясь овладеть собой; his mind and character are completely set он вполне сформировался /сложился/ как личность; be set to do smth. be set to go there быть готовым пойти туда; two pumps (machines, wheels, etc.) were set to work два насоса и т.д. были включены /приведены в действие/; be set for smth. be set for the talk (for the meeting, for the game, for the journey, etc.) быть готовым к разговору и т.д.; the scene is set for the tragedy (for the drama, for the climax, etc.) события (в книге, в пьесе и т.п.) подводят /подготавливают/ (читателя, зрителя и т.п.) к трагедии и т.д.; he was all set for a brilliant career у него были все задатки для блестящей карьеры
    7) be set over smb. he was set over people ему была дана власть над людьми; he was set over his rivals его ставили выше его соперников
    8) be set against smth. one's expenses must be set against the amount received расходы следует соразмерить с доходами; the advantages must be set against the disadvantages надо учесть все плюсы и минусы; against these gains must be set the loss of prestige оценивая эти выгоды, нельзя забывать об ущербе в связи с потерей престижа; it's no good when theory is set against practice плохо, когда теорию противопоставляют практике; when one language is set against another... когда один язык сравнивают /сопоставляют/ с другим...
    9) be set for some time the examination (the voting, his departure, etc.) is set for today (for May 2, etc.) экзамен и т.д. назначен на сегодня и т.д., the party is all set for Monday at my place решено вечеринку провести в понедельник у меня; the time and date of the meeting have not yet been set дата и время собрания еще не установлены; be set by smth., smb. rules (standards, terms, fees, etc.) are set by a committee (by the law, by the headmaster, etc.) правила и т.д. устанавливаются комиссией и т.д.
    10) be set the list of questions is set список вопросов /вопросник/ составлен; be set for smth. what subjects have been set for the examination next year? какие предметы включены в экзамен на будущий год? || be set to music быть положенным на музыку
    11) be set in smth. the editorial was set in boldface type передовая была набрана жирным шрифтом
    10. XII
    have smth. set we have everything set у нас все готово /подготовлено/; the ship has her sails set корабль поднял паруса; have a place set for a guest поставить прибор для гостя
    11. XIII
    set to do smth. set to dig the garden (to write letters, etc.) начать вскапывать сад и т.д.; the engineers set to repair the bridge инженеры приступили к ремонту моста
    12. XVI
    1) set behind (in, on, etc.) smth. the sun sets behind the western range of mountains солнце садится за горной грядой на западе; the sun sets in the sea солнце садится в море; the sun never sets on our country над нашей страной никогда не заходит солнце; set at (in) smth. the sun sets at five o'clock (in the evening, etc.) солнце заходит в пять часов и т.д.
    2) set against (to, from, etc.) smth. set against the wind (against the current) двигаться, направляться (идти, плыть и т.п.) против ветра (против течения); set against the tide идти против прилива; the wind sets from the south (from the west, from the north-east, etc.) ветер дует с юга и т.д.: the current sets to the west (to the south, through the channel, through the straits, etc.) течение идет на запад и т.д.; the tide has set in his favour ему начинает везти
    3) set against (with) smth., smb. public opinion is setting against this proposal (against this plan, against his visit, against him, etc.) общественное мнение складывается не в пользу этого предложения и т.д.; circumstances were setting with our plan (with him, etc.) обстоятельства складывались благоприятно для осуществления нашего плана и т.д.
    4) set about (upon, on, to) smth. set about the study of mineralogy (about the composition, about it, about one's washing, about one's work, etc.) приниматься /браться/ за изучение минералогии и т.д.; I don't know how to set about this job не знаю, как приступить /как подступиться/ к этой работе; they set upon the task unwillingly они неохотно взялись за выполнение этой задачи; set to work in earnest, set seriously to work серьезно браться за работу; set to work on the problem приняться за работу над этой проблемой; set to work on one's studies начать заниматься, приняться за учение
    5) set up (on) smb. set upon the enemy атаковать противника; а gang of ruffians set on him на него напала шайка хулиганов; they set upon him with blows они набросились на него с кулаками; they set upon us with arguments они обрушились на нас со своими доводами; set about /at/ smb. coll. set about the boys (about the stranger, about the supporters of the other team, at the bully, etc.) набрасываться /налетать, наскакивать/ на мальчишек и т.д.; they set about each other at once они сразу же сцепились друг с другом /начали колошматить друг друга/; I'd set about you myself if I could я бы сам отколотил тебя, если бы мог; I'd set about him with a stick (with the butt of the spade, etc.) if we have any trouble если что [не так], я стукну его палкой и т.д.
    6) set in smth. cement soon sets in dry weather (in the cold, in the sun, etc.) в сухую погоду /когда сухо,/ и т.д. цемент быстро затвердевает /застывает/
    13. XVII
    set about (to) doing smth. set about getting dinner ready (about tidying up the room, about doing one's lessons, about stamp-collecting, late.) приниматься за обед /за приготовление обеда/ и т.д.; I must. set about my packing мне надо [начать] укладываться; he asked me how lie should set about learning German он спросил меня, с чего ему начать изучение немецкого языка; set to arguing (to fighting, to quarrelling. etc.) начинать /приниматься/ спорить и т.д.; they set to packing они стали упаковываться
    14. XXI1
    1) set smth., smb. on (at, against, in, before, for, etc.) smth., smb. set dishes (a lamp, one's glass, etc.) on the table поставить тарелки и т.д. на стол; set a place for the guest поставить прибор для гостя; set food and drink (wine and nuts, meat, a dish, etc.) before guests (before travellers, etc.) поставить еду и напитки и т.д. перед гостями и т.д.; set a table by the window (an armchair before a desk, a floor-lamp beside an armchair, etc.) поставить стол у окна и т.д.; set chairs around (at) a table расставлять стулья вокруг (у) стола; set a ladder (a bicycle, a stick, etc.) against a wall прислонить /приставить/ лестницу и т.д. к стене; set one's hand on smb.'s shoulder положить руку кому-л. на плечо; set a hand against the door опереться рукой о дверь; set smb. on his feet поставить кого-л. на ноги
    2) set smth., smb. in (by, on, upon, etc.) smth. set things in their place again вернуть /положить/ вещи на место; set flowers in the water (in a vase, etc.) поставить цветы в воду и т.д.; set glass in a window вставлять стекло в окно; set lamps in 'walls вделывать светильники в стены; set one's foot in the stirrup вставить ногу в стремя; set the stake in the ground вкопать столб в землю; set a pearl (a jewel, a diamond, etc.) in gold оправлять жемчужину и т.д. в золото; set smb. by the fire усадить кого-л. у огня: set a child in a high chair посадить ребенка ка высокий стул; set smb. in the dock посадить кого-л. на скамью подсудимых; set a wheel on an axle насадить колесо на ось: set a hen on eggs, set eggs under a hen посадить курицу на яйца; set a boy on horseback подсадить мальчика на лошадь; set smb. on the pedestal поставить /возвести/ кого-л. на пьедестал; set troops on shore высадить войска [на берег]; set one's foot oil a step поставить ногу на ступеньку; set foot on shore ступить на берег; I'll never set foot on your threshold я никогда не переступлю порог вашего дома; set a crown on his head возложить на него корону; set a king on the throne посадить короля на трон; set a kiss upon smb.'s hand приложиться к чьей-л. руке; set smth. with smth. set the top of the wall with broken glass утыкать верхнюю часть стены битым стеклом; set this bed with tulips (with geraniums, etc.) засадить эту клумбу тюльпанами и т.д. || set eyes on smb., smth. увидеть кого-л что-л., I never set eyes on him before today до сегодняшнего дня я его в глаза не видел; that child wants everything he sets his eyes on этому ребенку вынь, да положь все, что он видит
    3) set smth. to smth. set a glass (a trumpet, etc.) to one's lips, set one's lips to a glass (to a trumpet, etc.) подносить стакан и т.д. к губам /ко рту/; set a match (a lighter) to a cigarette (to old papers, to a fire, etc.) подносить спичку (зажигалку) к сигарете и т.д.; set one's shoulder to the door налечь плечом на дверь; set spurs to a horse пришпорить лошадь
    4) set smb. across smth. set him across the river переправлять его через реку /на другой берег/; set a child across the street перевести ребенка на другую сторону улицы /через улицу/; set smth. by smth. set a ship by the compass вести корабль по компасу; set smth. against (to ward(s), to) smth. set the boat against the wind (against the current) направлять лодку против ветра и т.д.; set one's course to the south направляться на юг; set one's face toward the east (toward home, towards the sun, etc.) повернуться лицом к востоку и т.д.; set smb. after (at, on, etc.) smb., smth. set the police (detectives, etc.) after /on the track of/ the criminal (on her, after the spies, etc.) направлять полицию и т.д. по следу преступника и т.д.; set the boys on the wrong (right) track направлять мальчишек по ложному (по правильному) следу; set a dog at a hare (at a fox, at a bull, at his heels, etc.) пустить собаку по следу зайца и т.д.; set dogs on a stranger (on a trespasser, on thieves, etc.) спустить собак на незнакомца и т.д. || set sail for India отплывать /направляться/ в Индию
    5) set smb. against (on, to, etc.) smb., smth. set people against each other (a friend against another, everyone against him, etc.) настраивать людей друг против друга и т.д.; he is trying to set you against me он старается восстановить вас против меня; set oneself against the proposal (against the scheme, against the decision, against his nomination, against him, etc.) был настроенным /выступать/ против этого предложения и т.д.; set the crowd on acts of violence (the crew to mutiny, soldiers to violence, people to robbery, etc.) подстрекать толпу на совершение актов насилия /к насилию/ и т.д.; set smth. against smth. set one thing against another противопоставлять одно другому; set one language against another сопоставлять /сравнивать/ один язык с другим; set smth. on smth. set one's heart /one's mind/ on the trip твердо настроиться на эту поездку; set one's heart on a new dress (on a new car, etc.) жаждать /очень хотеть/ купить новое платье и т.д.; he set his thoughts on the plan все его помыслы направлены на осуществление этого плана || set him at odds with his friends рассорить его с друзьями
    6) set smb., smth. to smth. set the class (the boys, him, etc.) to work (to a task, to sums, to dictation, etc.) засадить класс и т.д. за работу и т.д.; set one's mind /one's wits/ to a question (to a task, to a job, etc.) сосредоточиться на каком-л. вопросе и т.д.; you won't find the work difficult if only you set your mind to it если вы серьезно возьметесь за дело, работа не покажется вам трудной; set one's hand to the work (to the task, to the plough, etc.) взяться за работу и т.д.; he set himself resolutely to the task он решительно взялся за выполнение задачи; set а реп to' paper начать писать, взяться за перо; set smth. before smb. set a task (an object) before him поставить перед ним задачу
    7) set smth., smb. т (on, at, to) smth. set one's affairs (one's papers, one's house, a room, etc.) in order /to rights/ приводить свои дела и т.д. в порядок; set a machine in motion запустить машину; set the project in motion начинать работу над объектом; set the machinery of the government in motion приводить государственную машину в движение; set a chain reaction in motion вызвать цепную реакцию; his jokes set the audience (the table, the whole room, etc.) in a roar от его шуток вся аудитория и т.д. покатывалась со смеху; set smb. on his guard настораживать кого-л.; set smb. (smb.'s guests, the boy, smb.'s mind, etc.) at ease успокаивать кого-л. и т.д.; he set the girl at ease с ним девушке стало легко /девушка почувствовала себя свободно/; а host should try and set his guests at ease хозяин должен стараться, чтобы его гости чувствовали себя свободно /как дома/: now you may set your mind at ease теперь вы можете перестать волноваться /не волноваться/; set a question (the affair, the matter, etc.) at rest разрешить /урегулировать/ вопрос и т.д.; that sets all my doubts at rest это рассеивает все мои сомнения; set prisoners at liberty освобождать заключенных
    8) set smth. for smth. set the table for dinner (for five people, for two, etc.) накрыть стол к обеду и т.д.; set the stage for the next scene in a play подготовить сцену для следующей картины [в пьесе]; set the scene for talks подготовить условия /создать благоприятную обстановку/ для переговоров; set smth. by smth. set one's watch by the radio timesignal (by the town clock, by the clock in the library, by mine, etc.) ставить /сверять/ часы по радиосигналу и т.д.; set smth. to (for, at) smth. set the clock (the hands of the clock) to the correct time (to the proper hour of the day, etc.) точно поставить часы и т.д.; set the alarm for 5 o'clock (the camera lens to infinity, a thermostat at 70°, etc.) поставить будильник на пять часов и т.д.
    9) set smb., smth. at (in, он, etc.) smth. set a guard (a sentry, etc.) at the door (at the gate, at the corner of the street, in the nearest village, on the hill, etc.) поставить сторожа /часового/ и т.д. у дверей и т.д.; set pickets around the camp выставлять дозорных вокруг лагеря
    10) set smb., smth. over (before, among, etc.) smb., smth. set him over others (a supervisor over the new workers, etc.) назначать его начальником над остальными и т.д.; set Vergil before Homer отдавать предпочтение Вергилию перед Гомером, ставить Вергилия выше Гомера; set the author among the greatest writers of today (the painter among the best artists of the world, the team among the strongest teams of Europe, etc.) считать автора одним из крупнейших писателей современности и т.д.; set duty before pleasure ставить долг выше удовольствий /на первое место/; set honesty above everything (diamonds above rubies, etc.) ценить честность превыше всего и т.д., his intelligence (his talent, his character, etc.) sets him apart from others (from ordinary people, from the normal run of people, etc.) его ум и т.д. выделяют его среди других и т.д.; her bright red hair sets her apart from her sisters из всех сестер у нее одной были ярко-рыжие волосы
    11) set smth. at smth. set the price (the value of the canvas, etc.) at t 1000 оценить / назначить, определить цену/ и т.д. в тысячу фунтов; set bail at i 500 установить сумму залога в пятьсот фунтов; set neatness at a high value очень ценить аккуратность, придавать большое значение опрятности; set smth. for smth. set a time for a meeting назначать время собрания; set the rules for a contest вырабатывать правила состязания; set the lesson for tomorrow задавать урок на завтра; set smth. to /for /smth. set limits to smb.'s power (to his extravagance, to his demands, etc.) ограничивать чью-л. власть и т.д., устанавливать предел чьей-л. власти и т.д.; he sets no limit to his ambition его честолюбие не знает предела; set a time-limit for examination установить продолжительность экзамена; set a time-limit for debates установить регламент для выступления в прениях; set a record for the mile устанавливать рекорд в беге на одну милю; set an end to it положить этому конец; set smth. on smth., smb. set a high value on life (on punctuality, etc.) высоко ценить жизнь и т.д.; set a punishment on smb. налагать наказание на кого-л., определять кому-л. меру наказания; set a price on smb.'s head /on smb.'s life/ назначить награду за чью-л. голову /за чью-л. жизнь/; set smth. at some time set the death of the man at midnight установить, что смерть этого человека наступила в полночь || set much store by smth. придавать большее значение чему-л.; set much store by social position (by daily exercise, by what the neighbours say, by the opinion of people like him, etc.) придавать большое значение общественному положению и т.д.
    12) set smth. for (in, to, etc.) smth. set papers for the examination составлять экзаменационные работы; set new questions (problems, etc.) in an examination подготовить новые вопросы и т.д. для экзамена; set the words (this poem, etc.) to music положить эти слова и т.д. на музыку; set new words to an old tune сочинить новые слова на старый мотив; set Othello to music а) написать музыку к "Отелло"; б) написать /сочинить/ оперу "Отелло"; set a piece of music for the violin переложить музыкальное произведение для скрипки
    13) set smth. before smb. set a plan (facts, one's theory, one's proposals, etc.) before the council (before the chief, before experts, etc.) изложить совету /представить на рассмотрение совета/ и т.д. план и т.д.
    14) set smth. to smth. set one's name /one's signature, one's hand/ to a document подписать документ; set a seal to the decree скрепить указ печатью; set smth. on smth. set a veto on smth. накладывать запрет на что-л.
    15) set smth. on (in) smth., smb. set one's life on a chance рисковать жизнью в надежде на удачу; set one's future on a chance строить планы на будущее в расчете на счастливое стечение обстоятельств; set hopes on a chance (on him, on his uncle, etc.) надеяться /возлагать надежды/ на случай и т.д.
    16) set smth. for smb. set a snare for a fox поставить капкан на лису; set poison for rats разложить отраву для крыс
    17) set smth. for smth. set milk for cheese ставить молоко на творог, створаживать молоко
    18) || set fire to a house (to a barn, etc.) поджигать дом и т.д.; set the woods (a woodpile, etc.) on fire поджигать лес и т.д.
    15. XXII
    1) set smth. on doing smth. set one's heart /one's hopes, one's mind, one's thoughts/ on becoming an engineer (on going with us, on going abroad, etc.) очень хотеть /стремиться/ стать инженером и т.д.; I set my heart on going today я решил ехать сегодня; he sets his hopes on getting on in life он очень надеется преуспеть в жизни /добиться в жизни успеха/; if he once sets his mind on doing something it takes a lot to dissuade him если он настроился на что-либо, его очень трудно отговорить
    2) set smb. to doing smth. set him to woodchopping поставить его на колку дров, заставить его колоть дрова; set her to thinking заставить ее задуматься; set a child to crying довести ребенка до слез; he set himself to amusing me он изо всех сил старался развлечь меня
    16. XXIV1
    set smth. as smth. set education (money, revenge, etc.) as one's goal /as one's aim, as one's object, as one's purpose, as one's task/ поставить себе целью получить образование в т.д.

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > set

  • 5 set

    set 1. present participle - setting; verb
    1) (to put or place: She set the tray down on the table.) sette, legge, plassere
    2) (to put plates, knives, forks etc on (a table) for a meal: Please would you set the table for me?) dekke på bordet
    3) (to settle or arrange (a date, limit, price etc): It's difficult to set a price on a book when you don't know its value.) (fast)sette, angi
    4) (to give a person (a task etc) to do: The witch set the prince three tasks; The teacher set a test for her pupils; He should set the others a good example.) gi, sette opp; vise
    5) (to cause to start doing something: His behaviour set people talking.) få til å
    6) ((of the sun etc) to disappear below the horizon: It gets cooler when the sun sets.) gå ned
    7) (to become firm or solid: Has the concrete set?) stivne, binde, størkne
    8) (to adjust (eg a clock or its alarm) so that it is ready to perform its function: He set the alarm for 7.00 a.m.) stille
    9) (to arrange (hair) in waves or curls.) legge (hår)
    10) (to fix in the surface of something, eg jewels in a ring.) innfatte
    11) (to put (broken bones) into the correct position for healing: They set his broken arm.) sette sammen/i ledd
    2. adjective
    1) (fixed or arranged previously: There is a set procedure for doing this.) fast, foreskrevet, obligatorisk
    2) ((often with on) ready, intending or determined (to do something): He is set on going.) klar, parat, fast besluttet
    3) (deliberate: He had the set intention of hurting her.) uttalt, bestemt
    4) (stiff; fixed: He had a set smile on his face.) stiv, sammenbitt
    5) (not changing or developing: set ideas.) meget bestemt, fastlåst
    6) ((with with) having something set in it: a gold ring set with diamonds.) besatt/pyntet med
    3. noun
    1) (a group of things used or belonging together: a set of carving tools; a complete set of (the novels of) Jane Austen.) sett, samling
    2) (an apparatus for receiving radio or television signals: a television/radio set.) -apparat
    3) (a group of people: the musical set.) krets, gjeng, klikk, -sett
    4) (the process of setting hair: a shampoo and set.) legg(ing)
    5) (scenery for a play or film: There was a very impressive set in the final act.) dekorasjon, kulisser
    6) (a group of six or more games in tennis: She won the first set and lost the next two.) sett
    •
    - setback
    - set phrase
    - set-square
    - setting-lotion
    - set-to
    - set-up
    - all set
    - set about
    - set someone against someone
    - set against someone
    - set someone against
    - set against
    - set aside
    - set back
    - set down
    - set in
    - set off
    - set something or someone on someone
    - set on someone
    - set something or someone on
    - set on
    - set out
    - set to
    - set up
    - set up camp
    - set up house
    - set up shop
    - set upon
    bande
    --------
    bestemt
    --------
    legge
    --------
    stø
    I
    subst. \/set\/
    1) sett, samling
    • where's my toilet set?
    • he has only one set of knife, fork and spoon
    2) ( om bokverk) samtlige bind, verk
    • the set was incomplete, as one volume was missing
    • the encyclopedia costs £850 the set
    3) ( om mennesker) (omgangs)krets, gruppe, klikk
    4) apparat, anlegg
    5) ( om tidevann eller strøm) (bevegelses)retning
    • do you know the set of the tide?
    6) ( overført) innstilling, tendens, vridning
    7) helling, måte
    8) plassering, stilling
    9) form
    10) ( om tekstil) passform, fall
    11) ( poetisk) nedgang
    12) ( sport) sett
    13) ( om jakthund) stand
    14) ( overført) angrep
    15) gatestein, brostein
    16) ( teater eller film) kulisse(r), dekorasjon
    17) ( teater eller film) scene, innspillingsområde
    18) ( hagebruk) stikling, avlegger, setteplante
    19) (grevling)hi
    20) ( om hår) legg
    • I'd like a shampoo and set, please
    jeg vil gjerne ha vask og legg, takk
    21) ( matematikk) mengde, gruppe
    22) ( i visse danser) tur(er)
    23) ( bygg) finpuss
    24) ( teknikk) stivning, herding
    25) vikking (av en sag)
    26) ( zoologi) rugeegg
    27) ( typografi) trykksats, sett
    the fast set de forlystelsessyke, de som er med
    have no set against anyone ikke ha noe imot noen
    the jet set jetsettet
    the literary set de litterære
    make a dead set at gå løs på forsøke å legge an på
    a set of furniture et møblement
    set of wheels ( hverdagslig) bil, kjerre
    the smart set de fine, fintfolk
    theory of sets eller set theory ( matematikk) mengdelære
    the whole set ( hverdagslig) hele gjengen, hele hurven
    the young set ungdommen
    II
    verb ( set - set) \/set\/
    1) sette (frem), stille, legge ut, sette ut
    • could you set the chairs?
    2) dekke
    3) ( om klokke) stille
    4) bestemme, fastsette
    5) fremlegge (for), gi
    6) få (i gang), sette (i gang)
    7) ( om himmellegeme eller overført) gå ned, synke
    8) stivne, sette seg, tykne
    9) ( overført) befeste seg, sette seg, stivne
    10) ( om ansiktsuttrykk eller øyne) stivne, bli stram
    11) ( typografi) sette (sats)
    12) (teater e.l.) legge til, foregå
    13) ( om hår) legge
    • did you set your hair on rollers?
    14) montere, sette opp
    15) ( hagebruk) sette (ned), plante, så
    16) ( hagebruk) (få til å) sette frukt
    17) besette, innfatte
    18) ( om musikk) tonesette, sette
    19) (medisin, om ben eller ledd) sette på plass, reponere, sette i ledd, gro, vokse sammen
    20) ( om sag) vikke
    21) ( sjøfart) sette
    22) få til å stivne, gjøre stiv
    23) beregne, vurdere, estimere
    • the losses were set at £50 a day
    24) (om tidevann, strøm, vind) gå, løpe, strømme, komme
    25) ( overført) svinge, dreie
    26) ( om klær) sitte
    27) ( om jakthund) få stand, ta stand
    28) ( om dans) figurere
    29) ( i veving) fiksere
    set about gå i gang med, begynne (på)
    (britisk, hverdagslig) gå løs på, fare løs på spre, sette i gang
    • did you set the rumour about?
    set about doing something begynne å gjøre noe
    set about it bære seg at
    set about something gripe noe an, gå i gang med noe
    set against veie (opp) mot, sette (opp) mot
    sette opp mot, gjøre fiendtlig innstilt mot
    set a good example være et godt eksempel
    set a hen plassere en høne på egg
    set apart sette til side, reservere, legge av
    set apart from skille fra, se forskjell på
    set aside legge til side, sette av, spare
    se bort ifra
    • setting aside his age, you're perfect for each other
    avvise, forkaste
    ( jus) omstøte, tilsidesette, oppheve
    set at angripe
    set at large frigi, sette på frifot
    set at work sette i arbeid sette i gang
    set back sette en stopper for, stoppe forsinke, sinke
    skru tilbake, sette tilbake, stille tilbake
    legge bakover
    ( hverdagslig) koste
    • it set me back $50
    plassere vekk fra
    set before legge frem for, forelegge sette frem foran, sette frem til
    set before oneself gjøre til sin oppgave
    set down sette ned
    sette av, slippe av
    skrive ned, skrive opp, notere sette (opp), føre (opp)
    jeg kan gi deg det svart på hvitt anse, betrakte, ta
    ( overført) sette på plass
    set down as anse som, betrakte som
    set down to tilskrive, skylde på, forklare med
    set eggs plassere egg under en høne
    set forth legge frem, fremstille, skildre
    sende ut, offentliggjøre, kunngjøre gi seg i vei, legge ut, dra ut, reise
    set forth for reise til
    set forward ( om visere på klokke) stille frem, skru frem
    sette frem, flytte frem legge frem, anføre, foregi
    fremme, hjelpe frem ( gammeldags) gi seg i vei, legge ut, dra ut, reise
    set free sette fri, slippe ut frigjøre
    set in begynne (for alvor), falle på, sette inn
    ( om tidevann) sette inn
    set off gi seg i vei, gi seg ut, reise
    sette i vei, løpe avgårde
    avfyre, få til å eksplodere, fremkalle
    sette i gang, starte, utløse, lede inn på
    dette ledet ham inn på hans favorittemne fremheve, forhøye, pryde
    den hvite kjolen fremhevet brunfargen hennes oppveie, kompensere, utligne
    skille (ut), skille fra
    reservere, sette av
    set off running begynne å løpe
    set on overfalle, kaste seg over
    egge, anspore, jage
    hun egget Jane til å knuse vinduet rykke frem, avansere
    sette til
    set oneself against eller set one's face against bestemt sette seg imot
    set oneself forward fremheve seg selv
    set oneself to do something sette i gang med å gjøre noe bestemme seg for å gjøre noe
    set oneself up against sette seg opp mot
    set one's hand to something skrive under på noe
    sette i gang med noe
    set one's mind on sette seg i hodet, absolutt ville ha, være fast bestemt på
    set out gi seg i vei, dra ut, reise
    begynne (sin virksomhet)
    legge frem, fremføre, skildre
    legge frem, vise frem, stille ut
    sette ut, plassere (ut), sette frem stake ut ( om tidevann) avta
    set out for reise til
    set out from dra (ut) fra, utgå fra
    set out to gå i gang med, sette seg fore
    set right avhjelpe
    set sail sette seil
    set somebody off få noen til å
    set somebody over others sette noen over andre, sette noen til å overvåke andre
    set somebody to sette noen til, sette noen på
    set something going sette i gang noe
    set something in order få orden i noe, fikse noe
    set something off against gå opp i opp med, balansere med
    set something to (music) sette musikk til noe, tonesette noe
    set the ball rolling ( overført) dra i gang noe, begynne med noe få samtalen i gang
    set to sette i gang for fullt
    hugge innpå maten, kaste seg over maten
    sette i gang med å slåss
    set together sette sammen
    set to work skride til verket, sette i gang sette i gang med å arbeide
    set up sette opp, reise, oppføre
    • could you set up the ladder?
    rigge opp, montere
    gjøre klar, klargjøre heise
    opprette, etablere, anlegge
    innføre
    utnevne
    først må vi utnevne en komité fremkalle, forårsake, volde
    det å være kald kan fremkalle en irritasjon utstøte, sette i
    gjøre frisk, få på beina
    ( typografi) sette
    (hjelpe til å) etablere seg
    han hjalp sin sønn å etablere seg som bokhandler bygge, sette opp
    (spesielt amer., hverdagslig) sette en felle for
    set up a defence ( overført) gå i forsvarsposisjon, forsvare seg
    set up a record sette rekord
    set up for oneself starte sitt eget, begynne for seg selv
    set up house begynne egen husholdning, etablere seg
    set upon overfalle, kaste seg over egge, hisse, jage rykke frem, avansere
    set up shop åpne forretning
    set up to be eller set oneself up as gi seg ut for
    be (well) set up with eller (be) (well) set up være velutstyrt med
    the stage is set for eller the scene is set for ( overført) alt er klart for, alt er lagt til rette for, det er duket for
    III
    adj. \/set\/
    1) fast(satt), bestemt
    • is this the set price?
    2) stiv(net), stereotyp, ubevegelig
    • did you notice his set look?
    3) bestemt, fast, ubevegelig
    4) beliggende, som ligger
    5) ( hverdagslig) klar, ferdig
    all set alt (er klappet og) klart
    • are we all set?
    at a set time på et bestemt tidspunkt
    be set in one's way være lite fleksibel, ha inngrodde vaner, ha faste vaner
    ( hverdagslig) ha slått inn på
    get set! ( sport) (klar) ferdig!
    • on your marks! get ready! get set! go!
    in (good) set terms i klare ord, utvetydig
    set fair (britisk, om vær) pent (uten tegn til å slå om)
    a set speech en på forhånd utarbeidet tale en typisk tale

    English-Norwegian dictionary > set

  • 6 in

    1. preposition
    1) в пространственном значении указывает на: а) нахождение внутри или в пределах чего-л. в(о), на, у; in the Soviet Union в Советском Союзе; in Leningrad в Ленинграде; in the British Isles на Британских островах; in the building в помещении, в здании; in the yard во дворе; in a car в автомашине; in the ocean в океане; in the sky на небе; in the cosmos во вселенной; в космосе; in a crowd в толпе; in (the works или books of) G. B. Shaw (в произведениях Бернарда Шоу) у Бернарда Шоу; to be smothered in smoke быть окутанным дымом;
    б) вхождение или внесение в пределы или внутрь чего-л., проникновение в какую-л. среду в, на; to arrive in a country (а city) приехать в страну (в большой город); to put (или to place) smth. in one's pocket положить что-л. в карман; to take smth. in one's hand взять что-л. в руку [ср.
    to take in hand
    а) забрать в свои руки;
    б) взяться за что-л.; взять на себя ответственность]; to throw in the fire бросить в огонь; to whisper in smb.'s ear шептать кому-л. на ухо; to go down in the stope спуститься в забой; to be immersed in a liquid быть погруженным в жидкость; to look in a mirror посмотреть(ся) в зеркало; to be absorbed in work, in a task быть погруженным в работу, выполнение задания
    2) употребляется в оборотах, указывающих на: а) часть суток, время года, месяц и т. д. в(о); существительные в сочетании с in в данном значении передаются тж. наречиями; in the evening вечером; in January в январе; in spring весной; in the spring в эту (ту) весну, этой (той) весной; in 1975 в 1975 году; in the twentieth century в двадцатом веке;
    б) промежуток времени, продолжительность в, во время, в течение, через; in an hour через час; в течение часа; she's coming in a couple of weeks она приедет недели через две
    3) употребляется в оборотах, указывающих на условия, окружающую обстановку, цель или иные обстоятельства, сопутствующие действию или состоянию в(о), при, с, на; существительные в сочетании с in в данном значении передаются тж. наречиями; in a favourable position в благоприятном положении; in a difficulty в затруднительном положении; in debt в долгу; in smb.'s absence в чье-л. отсутствие; in waiting в ожидании; in one's line в чьей-л. компетенции; in the wake of smb., smth. вслед за кем-л., чем-л., по пятам за кем-л.; in smb.'s place на чьем-л. месте; in general use во всеобщем употреблении; in fruit покрытый плодами (о дереве); in tropical heat в тропическую жару; in the rain под дождем; in the dark в темноте; in the cold на холоде; in the wind на ветру; in a thunderstorm в бурю; in a snow-drift в метель; to live in comfort жить с удобствами; in search of smth. в поисках чего-л.; in smb.'s behalf в чьих-л. интересах
    4) употребляется в оборотах, указывающих на физическое или душевное состояние человека в, на; существительные в сочетании с in в данном значении передаются тж. наречиями; blind in one eye слепой на один глаз; small in stature небольшого роста; slight in build невзрачный на вид; in a depressed (nervous) condition в подавленном (нервном) состоянии; in perplexity в замешательстве; in a fury (или a rage) в бешенстве; in astonishment в изумлении; in distress в беде; to be in good (bad) health быть здоровым (больным)
    5) употребляется в оборотах, выражающих ограничение свободы, передвижения и т. п. в, на, под; in chains (или fetters, stocks и т. п.) в оковах; to be (to put) in prison, gaol, jail, dungeon быть в тюрьме, в темнице (посадить в тюрьму); to be in custody быть под арестом; to be in smb.'s custody находиться на чьем-л. попечении, под чьим-л. наблюдением, охраной и т. п.
    6) употребляется в оборотах, указывающих на способ или средство, с помощью которых осуществляется действие; тж. fig. в, на, с, по; передается тж. тв. падежом; существительные в сочетании с in в данном значении передаются тж. наречиями; to cut in two перерезать пополам; to go (to come, to arrive) in ones and twos идти (приходить, прибывать) поодиночке и парами; in dozens дюжинами; in Russian, in English, etc. по-русски, по-английски и т. п.; falling in folds падающий складками (об одежде, драпировке); to take medicine in water (milk, syrup) принимать лекарство с водой (с молоком, в сиропе); to drink smb.'s health in a cup of ale выпить эля за здоровье кого-л.
    7) употребляется в оборотах, указывающих на материал, из которого что-л. сделано или с помощью которого делается в, из; передается тж. тв. падежом; to write in ink, etc. писать чернилами и т. п.; a statue in marble статуя из мрамора; to build in wood строить из дерева; in colour в красках
    8) употребляется в оборотах, указывающих на внешнее оформление, одежду, обувь и т. п. в; to be in white быть в белом (платье); in full plumage в полной парадной форме, во всем блеске; in decorations в орденах
    9) указывает на принадлежность к группе или организации; на род деятельности или должность в, на; передается тж. тв. падежом; to be in politics заниматься политикой; in the diplomatic service на дипломатической работе; in smb.'s service у кого-л. на службе
    10) указывает на занятость каким-л. делом в ограниченный отрезок времени в, при; в то время как, во время; причастия в сочетании с in в данном значении передаются тж. деепричастием; in bivouac на биваке; in battle в бою; in crossing the river при переходе через реку; in turning over the pages of a book перелистывая страницы книги
    11) выражает отношения глагола к косвенному дополнению, существительного к его определению и т. п. в(о), над; передается тж. различными падежами; to believe in smth. верить во что-л.; to share in smth. принимать участие в чем-л.; the latest thing in electronics collocation последнее слово в электронике; there's little sense in what he proposes мало смысла в том, что он предлагает; a lecture in anatomy лекция по анатомии; to be strong (weak) in geography успевать (отставать) по географии; to differ (to coincide) in smth. различаться (совпадать) в чем-л.; to change (to grow, to diminish) in size (volume) изменяться (расти, уменьшаться) в размере (объеме); rich (poor) in quality хорошего (плохого) качества; rich (poor) in iron (copper, oxygen, etc.) богатый (бедный) железом (медью - о руде, кислородом - о воздухе и т. п.)
    12) указывает на соотношение двух величин, отношение длины, ширины и т. п. в, на, из; передается тж. тв. падежом; seven in number числом семь; four feet in length and two feet in width четыре фута в длину и два фута в ширину; there is not one in a hundred из целой сотни едва ли один найдется
    in situ [--'++--+|] на месте
    in opposition против, вопреки
    in so much that настолько, что
    in that так как, по той причине, что
    he has it in him он способен на это
    2. adverb
    внутри; внутрь; a coat with furry side in шуба на меху
    to be in быть модным; long skirts are in now теперь в моде длинные юбки
    in and out
    а) то внутрь, то наружу;
    б) снаружи и внутри;
    в) попеременно, с колебаниями [ср. in-and-out ]; he is always in and out of hospital он то и дело попадает в больницу
    to have it in for smb. иметь зуб на кого-л.
    to drop (или to go) in on smth. принимать участие в чем-л.
    to be in for smth.
    а) быть под угрозой чего-л.; we are in for a storm грозы не миновать;
    б) дать согласие принять участие; I am in for the competition я буду участвовать в конкурсе
    to be (to stay, to stop, to live) in there (here) быть (оставаться, останавливаться, жить) там (здесь)
    to go (to come, to get) in there (here) идти (приходить, добираться) туда (сюда)
    to throw in one's hand уступить, прекратить борьбу
    to be well in with smb. быть в хороших отношениях с кем-л., пользоваться чьим-л. расположением
    3. noun
    the ins политическая партия у власти;
    ins and outs
    а) все входы и выходы;
    б) все углы и закоулки;
    в) правительство и оппозиционные партии;
    г) детали, подробности
    4. adjective
    1) расположенный внутри; the in part внутренняя часть
    2) collocation находящийся у власти; the in party правящая партия
    3) направленный внутрь; the in train прибывающий поезд
    4) модный; the in word to use модное словечко
    * * *
    (p) в; во; через
    * * *
    1) в, во; внутри, внутрь 2) на 3) через 4) по-
    * * *
    [ɪn] adj. расположенный внутри, направленный внутрь; находящийся у власти; для узкого круга; модный; прибывающий adv. внутри, внутрь, с внутренней стороны; в дом, дома; у власти; в конторе, на службе; в моде; на станции, у платформы; в прессе, на страницах газеты; согласно; в наличии prep. в, во, на, через, в течение, во время, в то время как, при, по, из, у, под, с
    * * *
    а-у
    бы-в
    в
    ввиду
    внутри
    во
    во-во
    г-на
    гробу-у
    два-в
    его-на
    и-в
    иду-у
    из-во
    из-за
    к-во
    кол-во
    м-у
    му-у
    на
    на-на
    ни-на
    ну-у
    оба-на
    о-в
    ограничен-на
    о-у
    пи-у
    пол-в
    почему-у
    пять-в
    пятьдесят-в
    рук-во
    с-в
    свобод-на
    способ-на
    тир-на
    три-в
    ту-у
    ты-на
    у
    уму-у
    у-у
    франкфурт-на
    чем-в
    через
    шесть-в
    я-в
    * * *
    1. предл. предлог выражает общее отношение заключенности в каких-л. рамках (понимаемых крайне широко) 1) а) нахождение, расположение внутри, в, не выходя за границы на б) из, среди, как часть в) в, во г) движение, направление: в, внутрь, в центр и т.д. д) 2) а) в, в течение б) за в) 3) а) из б) об объеме, количестве в) 4) а) досягаемость б) содержание, смысл в) г) д) 2. нареч. 1) внутри 2) рядом 3. сущ. 1) а) (the ins) парл.; разг. политическая партия, находящаяся у власти б) высокопоставленный чиновник 2) влияние 4. прил. 1) а) расположенный внутри б) внутренний, для внутреннего пользования 2) разг. находящийся у власти

    Новый англо-русский словарь > in

См. также в других словарях:

  • White people — Whites redirects here. For other uses, see White (disambiguation). Race …   Wikipedia

  • White Africans of European ancestry — White Africans africano branco wit afrikane africain blanc africano blanco africano bianco …   Wikipedia

  • Strong Poison —   Cover of BBC video version …   Wikipedia

  • White Stork — Two adults in Germany Conservation status …   Wikipedia

  • Chicago White Sox — White Sox redirects here. For other uses, see White Sox (disambiguation). Chicago White Sox 2012 Chicago White Sox season Established 1894 Based in Chicago since 1900 …   Wikipedia

  • Strong AI — For John Searle s Strong AI hypothesis, see Philosophy of artificial intelligence Strong AI is artificial intelligence that matches or exceeds human intelligence the intelligence of a machine that can successfully perform any intellectual task… …   Wikipedia

  • White Martian — comicbookspecies| imagesize= caption=White Martians attack the JLA, art by Mike S. Miller species=White Martians publisher=DC Comics debut= creators=Grant Morrison (writer)Howard Porter (artist) homeworld= Mars notable members= powers= subcat=DC… …   Wikipedia

  • White Latin American — Infobox Ethnic group group = White Latin American Latinoamericano blanco Latino Americano Branco caption = Gisele Bündchen·Fidel Castro·Shakira Gael García Bernal·Gabriela Sabatini·Ricardo Maduro pop = White People 190 million – 203 million 33% – …   Wikipedia

  • Great white shark — Taxobox name = Great white shark fossil range = Pliocene to recent status = VU trend = unknown status system = iucn2.3 image width = 250px regnum = Animalia phylum = Chordata classis = Chondrichthyes subclassis = Elasmobranchii ordo = Lamniformes …   Wikipedia

  • Ed White (football) — NFL player Name=Ed White DateOfBirth=Birth date and age|1947|4|4|mf=y Birthplace=La Mesa, California Position=Guard College=University of California, Berkeley DraftedYear=1969 DraftedRound=2 / Pick 39 PFR=WhitEd00 DatabaseFootball=WHITEED01 years …   Wikipedia

  • Ojo White Knights — The nihongo|Ojo White Knights|王城ホワイトナイツ|Ōjō Howaito Naitsu is a fictional American football team from the Kantō region of Japan in the manga/anime series Eyeshield 21 by Riichiro Inagaki and Yusuke Murata. They are considered to be one of the… …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»